Morality Essay example -- Moral Ethics Philosophy essays

honorableityMoral philosophy is very important to the achiever of an individual. But, onward I tell you why moral philosophy is so important, and how it has helped mein my life, let me give you a little background knowledge. Rational knowledgehas devil comp iodinents. These components ar material and formal. Formal knowledgeis non object oriented, and is based on reason. Formal knowledge is logic, orthe laws of thought. Material knowledge is object oriented, and has twaincomponents. These two components atomic number 18 natural and moral. Natural law is physics.It determines what is the case, and how things behave in nature. On the otherhand, moral law determines what things ought to be. Morality is somethinghumans think about, and is not based on physiological factors.Now that we have a little background of knowledge and moral law, let metell you why you should lead a moral life. Even though religion is not imposedupon you, it is about humanity. And, while it may not seem delightful, in reality,morality is judged by humans. So, if you are immoral, other people will be theones that notice that you are immoral, and that can hurt personal relationships.One way that I have succeeded throughout my life is by knowing and beingfriends with a lot of people.The practical side of life is based on interpersonal relationships.Whether it be social or business, communication with people is the only way toget things done. There is no way that you can go through life in todayssociety without getting on with people. If people think that you are immoral,than they will not respect you, or be willing to work with you. Again, it mayseem like it is not fair because you know that no one is one hundred percentmoral, and if someone doesnt respect you because you are immoral, than they arehypocritical. But, when it comes to moral issues, the reality of the world isthat people are hypocritical. They feel it is okay for them to do it, but notokay for anyone else.Think about it, how many times have you said, I cant believe that hedid that hes a jerk. Knowing the entire time that you have done the samething. You may say, Who cares Im here to tell you that one day you mightcare. Let me give you and example. afterward I completed a business venture thatmade me over one million dollars, I learned that the only reaso... ...Moral law has helped me be triple-crown in everything that I do.Being a 65 year old man, I have seen a lot. I know the value of moralphilosophy. Moral philosophy has helped me be successful in every thing that Ihave done. You may ask, How has it helped you be successful? Well, I havetold you a yoke of aspects of moral philosophy, and all of these aspects havehelped me keep things in perspective. Financial success will come with morality,but if it doesnt, then you will still be collapse off because you have led amoral life.There have been times in my life when I have succumb to selfishinclination, and the results were at present good. But ultimately, if I hadbeen labeled as an immoral person, and was not able to do certain things becausepeople didnt like me, than I definitely wouldnt have been the one invited togive this talk to you. By the way, I am getting paid an awful lot of money forthis talk. So there is another way that morality has helped me. Happiness isnot a grounding for morality, because some immoral people are happy. But,morality can lead to ultimate happiness and greater success in whatever youattempt to do in life.

Dna Identification System :: essays research papers

The Australian society would not clear by the introduction of a deoxyribonucleic acid signature identification strategy for all citizens over the age of 18. This is the same thing as the Australian Card, which was stopped being released in the mid 1960&8217s. there were a number of reasons for this, as some being the government would know everything about you but maybe the government know more about you indeed you think. But is it all really that bad? Maybe it would help us as we could use it for identification purposes instead of carrying around a driver&8217s license or maybe a birth certificate it would all be held on this one card. Would the identification system be a benefit or not. It will defiantly change the way we do things.The desoxyribonucleic acid Identification System does have its benefits, as it would help in the medical department. If you were belt along to hospital from a car accident and you are unconscious the doctor will know if you were allergic to the ana esthetic or if you were a private affected role or not. This would also help in the crime department, as it would store the whole of the Australian population of individuals over the age of 18. This would have all the education about each individual these would include their DNA, and other vital statistics. At the scene of the crime there is usually fingerprints or some kind of DNA trail left behind. The police would use this DNA to log into the database to track down the criminal. It would also tell the location of where that criminal is to make it easier to find them.The system also has its problems, Lets say that you were a carrier of a disease but it does not affect you at any way at all, this could effect your employability as your employer could have access to your information. This would destroy our right to privacy. &8220The right to privacy is one of the fundamental rights of any civilised society As quoted in the video &8216You have no secrets&8217 All of your informatio n would be stored on a database, which would be accessible from the Internet.

Brain Disorders :: essays research papers

The brain, which weighs only three pounds and is made up of eighty part water, is the key organ of our nervous system. It is divided into three varied parts the Cerebrum, the Cerebellum, and the Medulla Oblongata. The gray matter of the brain is about one-eighth inch thick and it gives the brain its gray color. Inside the brain is the cortex, which is made up of billions of neurons. These neurons ex tennerd into the cerebral hemisphere and it controls all mental activity. In this report I will be discussing different disorders of the brain and how they affect the every mean solar day life of people who may have these disorders. (The Volume Library 900)The premier(prenominal) disorder that I will be discussing is a disease called Attention shortfall Hyperactive Disorder (A.D.H.D.). This disease has not just been recently discovered. It was first discovered in the eighteen hundreds by a British physician where the first book about Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder was written , Fidgety Phil. Up until the 1960s it was called minimal brain function. Medication is not a bleak treatment either. In the 1930s a medication called Dexedrine (d-amphetamine) or Desoxyn (methamphetamine), now known as Ritalin, was used. (Wender, M.D. 15)This disease is present in three to ten percent of school-aged children and four to five percent in adults. A.D.H.D. is more common in boys than in girls. To determine if a child has A.D.H.D., there are not set psychological or laboratory test but the testimonies of the people who are involved in the patients everyday life. However there are legitimate criteria that can define and diagnose symptoms.In many cases medication can reduce and to an extent eliminate A.D.H.D. This is true in about seventy percent of school-aged children who have A.D.H.D. and in about sixty percent of adults who are on the medication. Another plus of the medication is that it is not addictive if it is not abused. To reduce the symptoms of A.D.H.D. in adul ts therapy may also be helpful. Although, the use of medication to treat A.D.H.D. can be very controversial. (Wender, M.D. 9)Some characteristics of school-aged children with A.D.H.D. are problems in school like math, reading, and spell because twenty to thirty percent of children have learning disorders. The most common symptom is attention difficulties, distractibility, and hyperactivity. Not all patients of A.D.H.D are hyperactive, therefore a untried diagnosis was identified Attention Deficit Disorder (A.

The Curse of Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

The Curse of Macbeth Macbeth is one of Shakespeares more popular plays, and nearly everyone knows about the abundant blood and gore, the witches, Lady Macbeths ambition, and the ghost of Banquo. However, not as many another(prenominal) people know about the superstitions that surround this play. Theres a long-standing belief that the play is jinxed, than any company that produces it is courting disaster, and that quoting from the play (or even saying the title) leads to serious hazardous luck. Theres no doubt that several superstitions are associated with Macbeth. Many actors refuse to say the name of the play but rather refer to it as The Scotch picnic or even The Plaid Play (Gero). Some go even further, referring to it as The Unmentionable or even That Play (Demcisak 8). Actors also look unlikable on anyone who says the name of the title character or quotes from the play while in the theater. The only way to cure the problem created is to perform a ritual. For instance, th e pique actor may be required to turn around triad times and spit over his left shoulder, or turn around three times and quote from A Midsummer Nights Dream (Faulkner). Whats the evidence for the curse or jinx? Bad luck certainly seems to follow productions of Macbeth.According to legend, during the plays first production, the son who played Lady Macbeth died backstage (Rozakis 245). In 1849, three of New Yorks theaters were featuring Macbeth, and two of the lead actors had a serious rivalry going. Edwin Forrest (one of the Macbeths) reportedly encouraged some of his chase to disrupt the production at his rivals theater. In the resulting riot, thirty-one people were killed (Demcisak 7). Demcisak reports more tra... ...lthttp//ws.bowiestate.edu/archives/1995/0075.html>. Gagen, Steven. The Scottish Play. Online posting. 6 Feb. 1995. SHAKSPERws.bowiestate.edu. 7 March 2001 <http//ws.bowiestate.edu/archives/1995/0075.html>. Gero, Edward. Re The Scottish Play. Online p osting. 8 Feb. 1995. SHAKSPERws.bowiestate.edu. 12 March 2001 <http//ws.bowiestate.edu/archives/1995/0088.html>. Ivanov Goes to Moscow. ArtsZone. 2 March 2001. <http//www.ovationtv.com/artszone/programs/ivanov/wild.html>. Rozakis, Laurie. The Complete Idiots Guide to Shakespeare. New York Alpha, 1999. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 7th ed. New York Longman, 1999. 1522-1634.

Eighteenth Century Ballooning :: European Europe History

Eighteenth Century Ballooning In a sentence where the skies are full of aircraft, it is hard to imagine a time when air travel was nothing but a dream. That was just the case during the early eighteenth century. The dream of flight was so concentrated on go flight that ballooning was actually and accidental disc everyplacey. The shift to alternate opportunities to fly occurred in 1766 with the discovery of hydrogen. Henry Cavendish discovered the gas he coined the inflammable gas. At that time this meant that the gas was highly combustible, unlike todays interpretation of inflammable. What made this gas so important was the fact that the gas was much transport than the atmosphere. The lighter gas would give the balloon lift in the surrounding atmosphere, hopefully taking a human along with it. The new discovery brought a lot of excitement to the pursuit of air travel. The discovery began to move forward in 1774 with Joseph Priestlys publication of Experiments a nd Observations with Different Types of Air. This paper explored uses of the gas and nurture explained its properties for future experimentation. In 1777, the paper was translated into French and read by Joseph Montgolfier. The paper inspired Montgolfier to further explore the possibilities of the gas. Montgolfier and his brother Etienne began experimenting with the gas in hopes of coming up with a device to give them flight. This became a reality in 1786 when the two brothers were able to fly small cloth and paper hot air make full balloons. This was the small and modest beginning to hot air balloon flight. The brothers had some complication to work out with the first flights being experimental. They used dense pasture from burning chopped wool or damp straw to lift the balloon. The smoke idea most likely came from a concept left over from the medieval times. They believed that smoke had more of a virtue of lightness, and lighter meant that the balloon had a better chance of flight. Another possibility is that the brothers believed that the dense smoke would plain be better contained in the balloon. Some individuals even believe that the brothers used thick smoke to conceal their ideas.

Eighteenth Century Ballooning :: European Europe History

Eighteenth Century Ballooning In a sentence where the skies are full of aircraft, it is hard to imagine a time when air travel was nothing but a dream. That was just the case during the early eighteenth century. The dream of flight was so concentrated on winged flight that ballooning was actually and accidental disc everyplacey. The shift to alternate opportunities to fly occurred in 1766 with the discovery of hydrogen. Henry Cavendish discovered the gas he coined the inflammable gas. At that time this meant that the gas was highly combustible, unlike todays interpretation of inflammable. What made this gas so important was the fact that the gas was much flatboat than the atmosphere. The lighter gas would give the balloon lift in the surrounding atmosphere, hopefully taking a human along with it. The new discovery brought a lot of excitement to the pursuit of air travel. The discovery began to move forward in 1774 with Joseph Priestlys publication of Experiment s and Observations with Different Types of Air. This paper explored uses of the gas and set ahead explained its properties for future experimentation. In 1777, the paper was translated into French and read by Joseph Montgolfier. The paper inspired Montgolfier to further explore the possibilities of the gas. Montgolfier and his brother Etienne began experimenting with the gas in hopes of coming up with a device to give them flight. This became a reality in 1786 when the two brothers were able to fly small cloth and paper hot air modify balloons. This was the small and modest beginning to hot air balloon flight. The brothers had some complication to work out with the first flights being experimental. They used dense mourning band from burning chopped wool or damp straw to lift the balloon. The smoke idea most likely came from a concept left over from the medieval times. They believed that smoke had more of a virtue of lightness, and lighter meant that the ballo on had a better chance of flight. Another possibility is that the brothers believed that the dense smoke would precisely be better contained in the balloon. Some individuals even believe that the brothers used thick smoke to conceal their ideas.

Christian Tradition Essay

Men, women and schools of thought have reclaimed and/or revitalised the Christian tradition. How well does this statement reflect the impact on Christianity of genius significant person or school of thought, other than rescuer? pontiff toilette xxiii was a highly influential, religious leader in the Catholic church service, whom was elected pope on 28th October 1958. Although he was thought to be a transitional pope, trick XXIII was often addressed as the sizeable pope due to his significant involvement in Catholicism. He ch completelyenged the role of the Catholic church service and emphasised the importance of interfaith chat. John XXIIIs most significant impact is the creation of the indorse Vatican Council, which taught the Catholic Church to open the windows to subscribe with the modern macrocosm. Pope John XXIII was also hot in promoting loving justice, humans peace and human rights. The statement clearly defines the impact John XXIII contri simplyed to, as he reformed and revitalised the Christian tradition to adapt to the modern world of the 1960s, as well the ecumenism of all Christian denominations.Before the opening of Vatican II on 11 October 1962, the Church was separated from the secular world, as it was considered that everything not within Christianity was corrupt. Even so, sectarianism between different Christian denominations was very strong. Mass had also been spoken in Latin since 1570, and the laity were not supposed to read the Bible, and were merely observers to the liturgy, as all the ministries were done by the clergy.1 Since 1870, no Pope had an official engagement distant the Vatican, and mostly focused within the Catholic Church, however John XXIII changed this concept completely. He worked to reform the Catholic Church by calling the gage Vatican Council (1962-1965). Vatican II was the first council of any sort in over 100 years, and in its course, over 2500 bishops attended the four sessions convened.Vatican II w as considered an engagement with the modern world through a Christ-centred mission2 which completely changed the mindset and mentality of people to engage with the modern world. The renewal of the liturgy saw the involvement of the laity, as flat the Tridentine Mass was translated into the vernacular. The laity were now further to study the Bible, as it was also translated into vernacular language. This impacted the whole concept of Mass, as the laity could now actively participate in the celebration of the liturgy and were recognised by the Church as the people of God, through the dogmatic constitution Lumen Gentium.John XXIII demonstrated his personal engagement with the world through his own personal examples, like meeting with world leaders, visiting inmates in prisons and sick children in hospitals. John XXIII also impacted on the expression of Christianity through the acceptance of the means of media such as, film, radio and television to engage with adherents. The Catholic Church would be outdated and irrelevant to modern life, if not for Pope John XXIIIs calling for Second Vatican Council, which revitalised the whole Church to engage with the modern world.Vatican II also brought about the 21st Ecumenical Council, which included the change of attitude from hostility/sectarianism to mutual compliance and acceptance of all Christian denominations. Before Vatican II, the Catholic Church was seen as the one true Church, and Protestants were called heretics, while Orthodox Christians were schismatics. The council sought to renew the life of the church and reform its structures and institutions.3 One of the aims of John XXIII was the Decree of Ecumenism which was to promote the unity of Christians, and thus stated, Let us place values on those things which unite us and lay aside that which separates us.4 Pope John XXIII demonstrated this reform by meeting with the Anglican Archbishop of Cantebury and also the Orthodox Patriarch in the 1960s.In 1965, the Ca tholic and Orthodox Churches apologised to each other and lifted the mutual excommunication of the Great Schism in 1054.The Catholic Church also became convolute with the World Council of Churches in 1940. John XXIIIs ecumenical reform has now impacted the interaction between Christians, as they are now encouraged to share prayer and social actions together, ending the sectarianism conflicts between Christian denominations. Interfaith dialogue was also a factor of the Vatican II, encouraging mutual respect and dialogue amongst different religious traditions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism and Islam. In the Vatican II document Nostra Aetate, he recognised and accepted that there is the presence of truth contained in other religious traditions, and condemned anti-semitism. John XXIIIs reforms of ecumenism, unity of mankind, and interfaith dialogue has impacted and revitalised the interaction of the secular and non secular world.Pope John XXIII also appealed to the whole world to work for peace and justice, emphasising the importance of unity among mankind. The role of the church was also questioned, and now became a servant to the world as the Catholic Church became aware of social issues such as human rights, unity of Christians, social justice and world peace. John XXIII revitalised the Catholic Churchs view of modern world and its relationship to it. The church now was at the service of the world or else than in opposition.5 The Catholic Church was now open to dialogue and work with other Christians, other religions and even atheistic governments such as the communists. John XXIII also encouraged all Christians to be called to discipleship, and new roles of evangelisation and word for social justice.This is further expressed in his encyclical, Mater Et Magistra (Mother and Teacher). Mater Et Magistra restated the teaching of social justice, and the necessity for wealthy nations to support developing countries. The encyclical stated, Justice and humanit y demand that those countries which produce consumer goods, especially farm productsshould come to the assistance of other countries where spectacular sections of the population are suffering from want and hunger.6 Another encyclical by John XXIII is Pacem in Terris (Peace on Earth), which applied to the whole world for peace as it was on the brink of a nuclear war. Pacem in Terris pleaded for the banning of nuclear weapons and an end to the arms race.7 Another aim for calling the Second Vatican Council was the promotion of unity among mankind.The Pope established an engagement between the Catholic Church and the modern world by his involvement in true world affairs. He met with John F. Kennedy (USA) and Khrushchev (USSR) to maintain and counsel for peace of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. John XXIII exhibited his contact with secular and non religious leaders to shape the path ahead for the common good of all. Pope John XXII was not only a significant figure in Christianity but also a highly influential figure in the world. Today, this has impacted on some Catholic organisations focusing on helping the poor and the ripening of third world countries.Through the 4 constitutions, 9 decrees and 3 declarations of the Vatican II, John XXIII revolutionised and challenged the traditions of triumphalism, clericalism and legalism in the Catholic church and brought participation by the laity, ecumenism, interfaith dialogue and a focus on justice and peace of the world. 8John XXIIIs reason and inspiration for his contribution come from the core Christian belief of Jesus commandment for love, Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.9 and Love your neighbour as yourself.10 Pope John XXIII was an inspiration man who reformed and revitalised the whole Catholic Church and impacted the way liturgy is held today, the interaction between Christian denominations and other religious traditions, and the focus on social justice a nd peace in the Christian tradition today.

Managing Change in Complex Environment Essay

History and BackgroundIntroductionThe United States Postal Service (USPS) is an independent government organization that gene judge income through arms services. It is currently the second largest civilian employer in the United States. Its primary task is to deliver station around the country, at a standard price, regardless of geographic location. anyplace the last cardinal centuries, the USPS has evolved into an efficient organization that pecuniaryly sustains itself through its preservation operations. With a monopoly on the deliverance of non-urgent transmit, the USPS provides delivery service of about 40 percent of the worlds mail, or approximately 200 billion pieces of mail annually. Starting in the 1990s, the USPS faced increase competition from rival package delivery and courier services, as well as the Internet. Presently the USPS is facing a financial collapse. The USPS needs to undergo an essential and systematic convince in order to maintain its signification in the 21st century.History/BackgroundOn July 26, 1775, members of the Second Continental carnal knowledge appointed a Postmaster General giving birth to the Postal segment of the United States. The mission of the U.S. Postal Department was much the same as today, process and deliver first class and non-urgent mail to individuals and lineagees within the United States. Congress passed various laws that grant the stigmatize office a statutory monopoly on non-urgent First Class Mail and the exclusive right to put mail in private mailboxes. Although these laws grant the USPS a trade advantaged they also restrict its king to compete with rival package delivery and courier services, as well as the proficient innovations.How it got startedThe Post Office Department has origins in America dating back to the 17th century, when thither was a need for mail between compound settlements and intercontinental exchange of information with England. In 1775, the Continental Congress named Be njamin Franklin as the first postmaster general and chairman of a committee empowered to be pull in recommendations for the establishment of a postal service. On September 22, 1789 the post office became a young government branch of the United States. At this time there were 75 post offices and approximately 2,000 miles of post roads. The USPS was critical to national welfare and pivotal in facilitating communications for military, sexual congressional representation and newspapers. From the very beginning, the USPS financed operations from taxation it earned and Congress gave it a monopoly to be the only courier service to deliver mail.Key points in evolutionThe main focus and the efforts of postal officials from the launching of the Post Office to the present day wipe out been finding the best methods of transporting information and guiding mail. For example, in 1791 George Washington stated that that the importance of the postal routes had increased beca hold the country wa nted to distribute knowledge of governmental laws. Also, between 1791 and 1861, the U.S increased from 3.9 zillion to 31.4 million square miles and postal roads grew from 1,875 to 240,595 miles. The Board of Governors of the USPS sets policy, procedure, and postal rates for services rendered. Of the eleven members of the Board, nine are appointed by the President and confirmed by the US Senate.The nine appointed members then select the Postmaster General, who serves as the boards tenth member, and who oversees the day to day playactivities of the service as party boss Executive Officer. The ten-member board then nominates a Deputy Postmaster General, who acts as Chief Operating Officer, to the eleventh and last remaining open seat. The USPS is often mistaken as a government organization but it is legally defined as an independent establishment of the executive branch of the Government of the United States.Environmental contextThe external environment elements that monumentally i nfluence the USPS are the United States semipolitical system, workforce unions, changing engineering science and grocery store forces.United States Political SystemIn 1970 the U.S. Postal Department evolved into the USPS through the implementation of the Postal Reorganization act. This act required the USPS to be a self-sufficient organization within the U.S. Government. It also added an additional regulatory body into its chain of command, the Postal Regulatory management (PRC), but did not deposit any modification to the Postal Departments Board of Directors or regulatory congressional statutes.The USPS Board of nowors is charged with directing the USPS through the control of expenditures, reviewing practices, long term devicening and setting policies and service standards. The PRC has 5 commissioners, appointed through the executive branch and confirmed by the Senate, who have the authority to reject, veer and approve any USPS initiated congressional recommendations. Sinc e congress alone retains the authority to change USPS rates, service frequency and employee benefits, any market relate changes from the Board of directors is routed through the PRC and congress for consideration.Pressure from UnionsThere are 4 unions representing around 90% of the USPS workforce National Association of Letter Carriers, American Postal Workers, National Rural Letters Carriers Association and National Postal Mail Handlers Union. These organizations have successfully contracted collective bargaining agreements for its members for compensation and benefits that have come to exceed the USPS ability to maintain with its current revenues. These labor unions are very influential in weighing in on most of the purposes that consider the well-being of the USPS labor force. Presently USPS employees enjoy 79% coverage of their health care costs the most of any federal official agency.Strategic challengeOver the years the USPS has transformed its operating model and is now se t up and mandated to operate like a business entity generating its revenue through the sale of postal products and services. The largest issue with the current business model of the postal service is its lack of flexibility essential for a business in a dynamic market. specifically the USPS has not been able to organizationally adjust to a large decrease in the demand for first class mail service has resulted in fall net revenue in recent years.Congressional InfluenceThe USPS congressional charter came with both benefits and operating constraints. Among the constraints the USPS is obligated to provide a uniform price for its services regardless of the geographic location and dispersion of its customer base. The USPS is obligated to deliver six days a week to every mailing visit regardless of its mail volume. Additionally the USPS is required to provide free mailing service to the blind and facilitate voting for overseas military personnel. A meaning(a) amount of the USPS operati ng costs comes from its requirement to pre-fund retiree health benefits (RHB) for future retirees.Key IssuesThe USPS is suffering from the combined effects of declining mail volume from new technology and increasing labor costs resulting in a loss of net revenue. These declines are projected to extend into the future. The addition of a momentous number of new addresses in the United States each year increases the USPS operating costs although volume is decreasing.Business Model While the USPS has enjoyed the benefits of the monopoly on first class letter mail services that congress has bestowed, it has a stagnant business model that prevents the USPS from being able to adapt in the face of technological innovation and other market forces that affect its bottom line annually. The major source of revenue for the post office is the postage it charges for first class and non-standard mail. The advance of modern information systems such as email, smartphones, online banking, and other digital communications decreased the demand for traditional mail services. Compounding this issue is the basic economic principle of supply and demand. reinvigorated technologies offer cheaper substitutes for the services that the post office provides.StakeholdersPostal Workers The USPS employs more than 500,000 employees making it second only to Wal-Mart as the nations largest civilian employer. While every employee is represented by a labor union, employees are legally restricted from striking. Labor Unions The USPS unions are old, influential and politically connected. Collectively, these unions continually fight for increased employee pay, nutriment allowances and health care benefits. Postal Regulation Commission (PRC) The PRC serves as the middleman between the USPS board of governors and congress. The PRC can reject or modify requests before they reach congress for final approval.Congress Members of Congress exercise control over many aspects of the USPS operations inc luding approving the markets for which it competes as well as representing the interests of its constituents whenever the USPS requests changes to its business model. Public Consumer One of the mandates of the post office is to provide mail service of all addresses. The number of addresses has increased by nearly 18 million nationwide in the past decade and continues to climb as the country recovers from the past recession. A vast majority of the consumers are congressional constituents to whom member of congress are responsible.CompetitorsThe USPS monopolizes, via congressional mandates, the delivery of first class mail, non-urgent mail and small packages. As such it faces very little direct competition from other businesses. However, the USPS has seen significant decreases in its mail volume over the years. The decreased volume of mail is directly related to the global acceptance of technology and use of digital communications which displaced traditional USPS services.Market Forc esThe USPS full time workers cost the USPS 80% of its revenue. Although they still enjoy a monopoly on first class mail, they are in direct competition with smaller, more efficient, companies who deliver large packages and urgent letters.Strategies UsedWhat it Does Now The USPS has improved its efficiency and effectiveness through both technology and reorganization. The USPS make significant investments in the late 1990s in fuel efficient vehicles and new facilities as well as a $15 million advertising campaigning to improve its image as a progressive and modern organization. A decade ago it took 70 employees one hour to sort 35,000 letters. Today in an hour, only two employees process an identical volume of mail. Though the number of addresses in the nation has increased by nearly 18 million in the past decade, the number of employees who handle the increased delivery load has decreased by more than 200,000 (Potter 2010a). It launched delivery confirmation service and priority ma il in order to compete with competitors.The USPS now operates more than 31,000 post offices and the largest vehicle fleet in the world, with an estimated 218,684 vehicles. What They Want to Do Concerned with increasing costs and decreasing revenues, the USPS petitioned for the pursual changes * Stop Retiree Health Benefits prefunding in 2011 the prefunding amount exceeded net operating losses. * Retirement System Overpayment In 2010 Government Accountability Office disputed overpayment halt approximately $6.9 billion. * Delivery Frequency Shifting from six to five days weekly delivery would save approximately $3 billion annually.This measure is back up by 75% of USPS consumer base. * Change prices Mandates currently cap the USPS ability to adjust to market conditions dynamically. * Restructure labor costs Current collective bargaining decision do not consider the USPS financial health yet mandate compensation and benefits to be paid at levels comparable with private sector organizations with the consignment falling on the taxpayers. * Consolidate infrastructure A proposal in 2009 to close 3,000 postal outlets to reduce excess capacity yielded only a liquidation of 157 following consumer complaints and congressional intervention.Part IIDiagnosisLewis (2011) states that the USPS problems are a result of a restrictive business model and its inflexibility to operate in a dynamic market place. As stated earlier, the USPS response to this problem is a direct plan to cut expenses and increase revenues to overcome their mounting deficit. Although this plan does address the USPS immediate insolvency concerns, it fails to address their inherent issues. Through the use of Senges system onset and the McCaskeys Organizational Design model, this paper will spoil USPS root problems.Strategic Issues/Strategies/Goals-ObjectivesThe USPS strategic issues are a loss of revenue due to declining mail volume, extensive costs due to a bloated and expensive unionized-wor kforce and the use of an outdated-legislatively constrained business plan. Their proposed strategy to mitigate these issues centers on cutting their expenses, consolidating infrastructure, renegotiating labor cost/employee benefits and increasing rates. In addition, the USPS intends to evolve their business plan to incorporate technological innovations. This strategy aligns with their long term goal of providing a trustworthy, dependable, reliable and secure means to communicate on a national level (Lewis, 2011), by implementing a long term sustainable business model that promotes flexibility and economic growth in a dynamic market.EnvironmentIn FY11 the USPS total revenues were $65 Billion dollars while their total expenses were $75 Billion dollars. beneath congressional law the USPS is required to be a self-sufficient government agency. Under this direction the USPS is obligated to cover its costs without government assistance. The USPS does this by generating revenues from a mon opoly market while operating more like a private business then a government agency. Its government backed monopoly advantage comes with extensive congressional restrictions on rates, delivery procedures and labor benefits. The USPS monopoly restricts the direct competition in the delivery of first class mail, use of specific delivery routes and personal mailboxes. It does not protect the delivery of urgent mail and large packages. FedEx and UPS are direct competitors in this market and have a competitive advantage due to their efficiencies, technological innovations and ability adapt to market needs.Key Success FactorsThe USPS key to success is their ability to meet their customers needs, generate enough revenue to cover their costs , maintain the flexibility to adjust in a dynamic market and optimize a scalable infrastructure that facilitates the efficient and economic delivery of their services.Task RequirementsThere are multiple ways that mail is accepted into the delivery proces s. For the purpose of observing the USPS organizational structure, the simple method of customers placing the mail in their residential, or post office, curbside mailbox will be examined. In either brass this process begins and ends with the customer sending or receiving mail at a mailbox. The mail item is received by the postal carrier, and then consolidated at the local post office, where it is inspected manually or automatically checked for correct postage. It is then routed to a hub for delivery to a particular region in the country. The mail is then sent to a final processing plant where it is sorted for the specific route for delivery. Finally the mail is sent to the distant end post office for delivery to the end customer.The mail is moved in a linear manner between each node in the process chain. along the interdependency continuum of the USPS functional units we observed a sequential relationship. Throughout the process each entity produces an output that is a necessary in put for the next link in the chain. The USPS key to success in this linear process is the secure delivery of mail for a nominal fee. For their part, the workers must be honest and ensure mail is properly safeguarded as it makes its way through each step in the chain. The workers only have to be good enough for their specific task in the process. This means that there is very little incentive for them to innovate or make improvements to the process from within. Any efficiencies gained, in any one link in the process, are not readily propagated throughout because of the sequential nature of the process.Because of the nature of change within the organization, and the employee compensation structure, their only incentive is to maintain the status quo. This abbreviation is represented in the interdependency/coordination mechanism model below. The analysis shows a misalignment between the levels of interdependence between the functional units and the coordination mechanism used. The USPS coordinates through rules and regulations. Using the systems surface of focusing on successes rather than the failures of the organization, we compared the USPS current coordination level to its closest successful competitor, FEDEX. As depicted FEDEX has a coordination level that aligns with it level of interdependency. The preferred and optimal approach is to align the organizations level of interdependency horizontally with the coordination mechanism.The USPS needs a higher coordination mechanism to match the current level of interdependence in order to facilitate efficiencies in the system.Process/ SystemsSnowfall and showers may not be able to stop postal carriers from their appointed delivery routes, but their financial problems may halt at least 50% of all postal offices. The U.S. Postal Service, weakened by a public turning to digital communications, is low-spirited 22 percent in volume from just five years ago, a decline which is expected to continue, driven in part by s oaked competition from carriers such as FedEx and UPS. The Postmaster General has responded with a list of cost-cutting proposals, such as eliminating Saturday delivery and closing up to 3,700 local post offices which would be replaced with machine-driven centers operating out of local businesses. The Postmaster General has also proposed laying off as many as 120,000 workers, and pulling workers out of more costly federal pension plans.Pre-funding retiree benefits has cost the Postal Service $21 billion in the last three years. The underlying issue is that all those moves cannot be made without congressional approval. In order to make these immediate and dramatic changes, the Postal Service would require access to its own funds as well as the authority to act as its own corporation. The transition from a government ran entity to a privatized organization requires Congress to give the USPS flexibility to take action and make changes without all the bureaucracy. The below modified Se nge Model (Limit to Growth) demonstrates how the USPS is constrained from making changes. In short, the USPS is limited by congress to making quick and reactive changes that focus on the problem rather than the underlying issue.Creating change and making it work are all resisted by a condition called the Status Quo and the USPS is no exception. USPS employees feel saved under the current unionized culture. They feel threatened by the prospect of losing benefits and are unwilling to pay the high personal price necessary for change. We have demonstrated that this change is necessary for the long term health of the organization. The real question is, does the current status quo fit the new change requirements? An organization in dire need to make radical adjustments to become current cannot be fixed with antiquated congressional imposed constraints.PART IIIChange instruction PlanThe USPS acknowledges its need to cut costs and increase revenue. It believes this will fix the problems. U SPS starts to address this by taking reactionary measures, but fails to take the necessary steps to address the root issue. We argue that there is a more fundamental problem within the USPS organization which requires a systems approach to identify and solve. Senge says it is impossible to change the system from inside the system. By complicating up the USPS management structure we identify the core problem and faults in its system. Due to the short time needed to order this change we propose a top down approach that pushes change while mitigating assumed employee resistance such an approach will generate. Our plan uses the Lewin and Kotter models to make up the USPS organizational transition. Through the Lewin model we identify a three kind approach to address changes that simultaneously focuses on employee and organizational issues. Throughout each phase an information plan is propagated to employees to facilitate transition to the next phase.ConclusionThe bottom line is that the USPS current costs of doing business outweigh its current methods of productivity. Without changing the strategic management model, the USPS will continue to lose revenue and be unable to react effectively to market demands. Its proposed cost cutting solutions only scratches the surface of the underlying problem of restrictions on organizational management and coordination. Our uses validated organizational change models. We justify our plan which uses the Lewin model and shows a close association to Kotters organizational change model. Our plan leads the USPS to long term success, maintains its relevance in todays market and allows it to make appropriate changes through periodic reevaluations.ReferencesLewis, T., Montgomery C., Shuler, J. , (2011), The US Postal Service , Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.Senge, P., (1990), The Fifth Discipline, Doubleday Publishing, New York15May 2012 http//about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2011/pr11_124.htm15 May 2012 http//www.cato .org/pubs/journal/cj31n1/cj31n1-9.pdf 19 May 2012 http//www.referenceforbusiness.com/industries/Transportation-Communications-Utilities/United-States-Postal-Service.html

Analysing The Power Crisis In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

Energy production of a present is the premier index of its economic system. For a reconcile to be economic wholey stable and comfortable, it removes to ready sufficient energy at its disposal. No state erect get high economic developing with let on wager forthing sufficient energy. Energy production reflects the industrial end product, transit and agricultural end product etc. restricting energy generate to an perseverance adversely affect its end product, ensuing in higher production cost, receivable to which some(prenominal) industries shutdown go forthing labor unemployed. In Pakistan, the electricity tear casting is an alarming issue. The rush of ri utter prices is due to energy deficit in the state. Number of people populating below poorness line is change magnitude due to unemployment and rising prices, both of which be the byproducts of energy crisis.From the last few old ages, Pakistan has been confronting an unprecedented energy crisis. The ground being that it s energy infrastructure is non to the large developed, deficient and ill managed. Despite of spell outant addition over the last few old ages in the disposable incomes, increasing habitude of military group intense contraptions, urbanisation and industrialisation which has ca subroutined the bureau demand to outpace supplement, no serious st assembly liness have been made to assemble in new multiplication energy. Consequently, burden molt has been seen as the common phenomena in Pakistan. During the last 10 old ages, Pakistan s office demand has risen by CAGR ( Compound Annual Growth station ) of 5.2 % , while supply has grown by merely 2.2 % ( Pakistan Power Sector, 2009 ) . Presently, state s entire electricity demand stands at around 19,000MW. Demand supply shortfall ranges 2500-4500MW depending on peak clip and while, ensuing in burden sloughing of 4-8 hours day-to-day and 8-12 hours during the extremum rundownmer season.In Pakistan, entire installed coevals c apability is close 19,754MW ( let on 1 ) , of which thermal is approximately 12,500MW i.e. 64 % of state s entire coevals capacity, un little the literal available capacity is throttle to 16,500MW due to several grounds force losingss during dispersal stage due to poor-quality transmittal lines, electricity s larceny, low hunts burden factors due to maturation generators and hapless c ar at KESC and WAPDA devisess, lessening in hydel coevals capableness due to fluctuation in the reservoir degrees particularly in winter season ensuing in the deficit of 2500MW to 4500MW depending on peak clip and season.Reasons of power crisis in PakistanLack of large dikes in the state.Decline in hydro beginnings of energy ( a cheap resource ) and over trust on the expansive beginning of electricity i.e. Thermal based power coevals. Soon, oil and Gas-based thermic workss histories for 68 % of get under ones skin forthing capacity, hydroelectric workss for 30 % and atomic workss for merely 2 % ( Exhibit 2 ) . Rise in the oil and gas monetary values pushes the electricity tariff really high. Consequently, leads to high coevals be, which in bend adversely impact the economic system.Lack of strong political leading in Pakistan, to convert and justification the reserves of people on the building of one of the controversial dams- Kala Bagh Dam and former(a) non-controversial dikes like Kohistan dike and Basha dike.To bridge the demand supply spread, around 5,000MW of IPPs and letting workss atomic number 18 expected to come online between 2009-2012 ( Pakistan Power Sector, 2009 ) . Though the state is endowed with huge hydel and scorch based power potency, it is yet to to the full work these resources and cut down dependance on oil based coevals. char as an alternate energy resourceCoal is presently the world s blistering turning fuel around the Earth. Estimates show that around 40 % of universe power supply and 26 % of prime energy comes from the scorch entire ly. China, being the universe s largest manufacturer of blacken, fulfil 78 % its entire energy demands through char which ranks it as the universe s largest consumer as considerably. Similarly, USA stands at second place in utilizing ember, 60 % of its energy demands comes char. Many states like UK, USA, Germany, India, In makesia and Australia have embarked upon the new coal based power workss. But, unluckily, Pakistan holding the 6th largest coal militias in the universe, with over 185 meg metric tons of proved coal militias, has non been successful in using coal as an alternate energy beginning.It is estimated that 100,000 MW of electricity could be generated from merely half of these resources, for 30 old ages, if exploited decently and the Energy contents of these resources are more than the energy contents of Saudi Arabia and Iran s correlative oil resources ( Pakistan s Thar Coal Power dominance, 2008 ) .Why Coal can be an of import beginning of energy? somewhat of the grounds why coal is of import for Pakistan future energy state of affairs are as under(a)Current Energy Crisiss Demand for electricity has outpaced its supply the state is presently confronting power deficits ranges between 4500 to 5,000 MW and it is expected that demand would transcend supply by beyond 5,500 MW.World-Renowned Companies Already Operating in Pakistan Around twelve Independent Power Producers ( IPPs ) are runing in the power area of the state.Predictable Multi-Year & A Long-run Duty Typically, the governance allows a long-run duty of 25 30 old ages with the power buyer. The IPPs, therefore, are non subjected to market hazard for their end product. The undertakings are expected to gain an attractive / rivalrous and stable return on investing.Abundant Coal Potential Pakistan is blessed with big coal sedimentations peculiarly in its Sindh Province. The Thar brown coal militias, which are suited for power coevals, in the Province of Sindh are estimated to be about 175 billion metric tons. look for AimsThe chief aims of this explore are, fore or so to fail the development of coal based power undertakings in Pakistan, learn about the perspicacity and comprehensiveness of this country and seek to foreground the key challenges and hazards associated with the investing in power orbit of Pakistan in-terms of environsal restraints ( both locally and globally ) , security issues, authorities and regulative restraints etc. And secondly the research exit take to analyse the power coevals sector of Pakistan utilizing Porter s five forces analysis scape and place the function of Coal fired works in this sector. Such analysis of industrial profitableness allow for enable us to place the countries that need to be communicate to do the constancy more attractive.Personal ClaimThe grounds of taking this research are, foremost the research worker personally has a sharp involvement in energy sector of Pakistan. Second, the demanding state of affairs in the energy sector of state, particularly power sector is the premier incentive to provoke research on the subject information of Coal Based Power Projects in Pakistan . And in conclusion, the chosen country is new one as non a lot has been done in the coal-based power coevals sector of Pakistan.Outline of the UndertakingChapter 2- Research Methodology3.1 IntroductionThis chapter depart look at the necessary research methods containd to transport out the research in order to accomplish the research aims. In order to accomplish this I have looked at the counsel give in ( Saunders et al 2003 ) .3.2 Aims and JustificationThe aim of this research methodological analysis is to place the agencies of roll uping valid and dependable primary and subaltern informations. It analyses all facets of the research methodological analysis.3.3 Research ApproachInductive and deductive are two types of attacks that can be used whilst carry oning the research ( Saunders et al 2003 ) . This res earch allow hold the deductive attack where the findings of the research will be used to look into the literature sing the fiscal state of affairs of Jessops. The deductive attack will let roll uping quantitative informations, and will besides help in making a hypothesis and a research scheme to prove the hypothesis. As in the instance of this look back fiscal theoretical accounts will be used.The inductive attack is where, from the findings and analysis a theory is proposed ( Saunders et Al, 2003 ) , therefore this attack will be used to prove the hereunder of Jessops.3.4 Research DoctrineSaunders ( et al 2003 ) , indicates there are three types of research doctrines that are interpretivism, positivism, and pragmatism. Positivism is where the theory generates a hypothesis that can be tested and thereby will let account of Torahs to be assessed ( Bryman & A Bell, 2007 ) . The function of this research is to prove the theories from the literature, hence positivism will be used. Positivism besides potently links with the deductive attack that will be used.Interpretivism considers that the universe of concern is excessively complex and is ever changing where definite Torahs can non be defined. therefore this method is irrelevant for this survey.3.5 Research strategyI will choose the study method for my research. I will utilize a questionnaire which will let more in depth comparings. It is besides seen good to utilize this method as it is easy understood by people, other benefits of utilizing such a method are that it is most efficient in clip, cost, and flexibleness and will let consequences to be analysed with easiness, which is extremely applicable for this survey. The usage of a study will besides supply greater response rates from participants ( Bryman & A Bell, 2007 ) .The questionnaire will let me to place from the directors and fiscal departmental workers at Jessops to why gross r level offues at Jessop have plummeted and will supply grounds for premises to look at the hereafter of Jessops.3.6 Data Collection and Sample3.6.1 SampleThe sample size will be in entire 30 participants selected indiscriminately. All participants will be employees of Jessops, as this will let the research worker to derive valued informations because employees will hold a reform perceptivity into the company. However the response was non a covet 1 as merely 17 participants completed the questionnaire. However due to clip restraints non much could be done to get the better of this issue, even though the position of 17 participants was still considered of import due to their functions within the company.3.6.2 Primary DataThis research uses both primary and secondary informations. Primary research as mentioned above we be collected via questionnaires. The questionnaire will be aimed at current employees of Jessops of who are shop directors and the remainder of who work within the fiscal section. This is a critical sample for the research as the posi tions and retag of the proposed participants will supply important penetration into what is go oning within Jessops, and will function analyze their fiscal public presentation.3.6.3 Secondary DataSecondary informations will be taken from literature ( i.e. diaries, books, articles etc. ) nevertheless another facet of secondary research will be company histories and studies. This will be critical as utilizing company histories and studies will let the research worker to to the full analyze the state of affairs of Jessops and will assist organize a footing in the hereafter of Jessops. The histories will besides enable the research worker to utilize the fiscal theoretical accounts such as Altman s z-score theoretical account.3.7 Questionnaire DesignThe questionnaire is seen to be an of import tool for research harmonizing to ( Naftali, 2001 ) , therefore the questionnaire needs to be precise, accurate and good designed. Naftali ( 2001 ) was used as guidelines for the design of the que stionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to achieve relevant informations required for the primary aims of this research. Hence the questionnaire was designed to detect inquiries simple and to the point to have the coveted consequences. A transcript of the questionnaire can be viewed in Appendix B.3.8 Data AnalysisThe information from primary and secondary research will be analysed in many ways. The quantitative consequences from the primary research will be analysed utilizing Excel, whereas SPSS will besides be used to place relationships and correlativities between responses of participants to supply a clearer position on the research. The above methods including secondary informations will be presented diagrammatically where necessary utilizing graphs, tabular arraies and charts.3.9 Reliability and ValidityThe information was collected after with planning and due attention. The informations collected can be considered dependable hence the specified beginning of information was chosen. However the primary informations to an extent whitethorn non be dependable as participants whitethorn consult replies with each other.The secondary research can be identified as dependable and valid as all information was collected via company histories and studies.3.10 Research RestrictionsTime was a cardinal restriction within this survey as designing and administering the questionnaire s required a batch of clip. Receiving all consequences was besides clip destroy as it did non give a clear thought on how many consequences would be attained. A longer clip frame would hold allowed countering this job.3.11 Research good motivesAll research was conducted within the Lcmit University Research Ethics guidelines. The moralss declaration can be viewed in Appendix A. All participants opted by pick to take portion in finishing questionnaires and participant individualities were kept anon. to the highest degree.3.12 Alternate MethodsA possible method of deriving primary research that could hold been used was an interview. The interview method would hold allowed for elaborate analysis to inquiries and more precise responses from the interviewee. The research worker did non utilize this method due to clip restraints, and besides the research worker felt the usage of interviews may hold resulted in more colored consequences.3.13 DrumheadThis chapter takes into consideration the methodological analysis that will be conducted in order to transport out the research for this survey. The following chapter will exemplify the existent findings of the primary and secondary research.Literature reappraisalIntroductionPakistan is blessed with big coal sedimentations peculiarly in its Sindh Province. The entire coal resources of Pakistan are over 185 billion metric tons out of which about184 billion metric tons exist in Sindh entirely ( Exhibit 3 ) . The coal sedimentations of Sindh are of Lignite which is suited for power coevals. The reported one-year coal production i n 2003 was around 3.3 million tones ( Exhibit 4 ) . The immense coal potency of Pakistan can good be utilized in power coevals for sustainable socio-economic development of the state.Constitutional Position on CoalCoal is considered as mineral and under the Constitution of Pakistan ( 1973 ) mineral is a idyl topic. The Provincial Governments are responsible for the development of coal. The National Mineral Policy 1995 ( revised in 2002 ) focal points all activities and determination at Provincial degree while the Federation would supply needed support and advice to the Provinces to take up the challenge of accomplishing benefits from the development of coal resources. Some of the Fiscal & A monetary Incentives for Coal Development are discussed in Appendix 2.Why Coal neglected so far?Pakistan s power sector is chiefly dependent on the thermal based power workss. Thermal coevals dissolution shows that gas fuel histories for 55 % of thermal-based bring forthing capacity, furnace Oil for 44 % and Diesel Oil for merely 1 % and Coal 0 % ( Exhibit 2 ) . It is a known fact that Pakistan has the 6th universe largest coal militias, but unluckily, coal has non been developed for power coevals.The research conducted by Tipoo Sultan ( 2008 ) indicates that in the past, many powerful transnational oil companies and trusts have been involved in understating the use of coal as an energy beginning in the development states, as they do non desire to see coal as the replacing of oil that they sell.Miss-perceptions about the coal public-service corporation have affected the authorities policies. The quality of coal and big sum of cracking demand has make coal addition less importance in the development precedences. Second, the authorities has been failed to pull the foreign investors to put in coal based power undertakings. Few of the investors after being confronting immense losingss were forced by the authorities to discontinue their undertakings. For case, Zafar Bhutta ( 2008 ) , in his article Sino Coal, Engro Pakistan to work on Thar coal undertaking , reported that Chinese Company, Shenhua was ready to construct the integrated minelaying and power coevals composite at a guaranteed power duty of 5.75cents per unit but NEPRA refused to pay more than 5.34 cents. Chinese company jam-packed its operations in Pakistan and went back to China go forthing no good mark for the investors interested in coal based power workss. There are other factors, besides those stated above, that has added to the investor s reluctance in the development of Pakistan coal resources. These are as followsThe foremost barrier to foreign investing is the provincial liberty over the coal excavation. A recent illustration indicated by Aftab Channa ( 2010 ) in his article Power workss at Thar Coal Czech Republic supposed(prenominal) to put 500 million euros , is the WTC group of Czech democracy who are interested in puting atleast 500 million Euros at Thar Coal for coa l-burning power workss of 300 to 600 MW but unluckily the response of Sindh authorities is non overpowering yet . The Technical Director, WTC Group, Karel Galuska forwarded a missive to Secretary Coal and Energy Development Department Aijaz Khan on June 21, 2010 stating that We would wish to inform you that therefore far we have non received any information from you. We are get downing to reckon that the authorities of Sindh is non taking coal as a serious plus for its state and for work outing energy crisis in Pakistan. ( Karel Galuska ) .Lack of needed substructure like roads, railroad lines, communicating webs, H2O supply, life support systems, community services and etcThe policies of the authorities are non consistent. They alter with the changed authorities.There is Political uncertainness in the state.The Law and order state of affairs in the state was non favorable and still its a questionable fact.absence of modern coal excavation technological expertnessdeficient fun dssThere is a quality concerns as good with the coal deposits found at Thar.Current SituationPakistan is a coal-rich state, but, unluckily, coal has non been developed for power coevals for more than three decennaries due to miss of substructure, deficient funding and absence of modern coal excavation proficient expertness. The Government is now seeking to rising slope and ease private investors in developing and advancing autochthonal coal for power coevals.The demand/supply projection indicates that power deficits appeared from the twelvemonth 2006, and has increased to 4,500 MW in the twelvemonth 2010 will increase farther if no steps are taken to convey in new capacity. In order to turn to these deficits, the GOP announced Power Policy 2002 which provided a set of inducements to pull the much needed investing in power coevals. The cardinal points of the new policy are outside(a) warring Bidding ( ICB ) and an accent on puting up power undertakings based on autochthonal fuel r esources such as coal, hydal power and renewable energies.General Regulations sing coal-based Power UndertakingsThe power policy 2002 lays major accent on the development of power undertakings based on autochthonal coal. Merely Provincial Governments are received to allow rentals and licences for coal prospecting and coal excavation to Private Sector and mankind Sector companies or organisations. There is no function of Federal Government and Public Sector to allow rentals and licences for coal excavation. Coal is considered as mineral and mineral is a Provincial Subject harmonizing to the Constitution of Pakistan.There was a job that when future investors got a excavation rental and had signed a MoU with the several provincial authorities, so such unasked natural site had to be considered. On style of a natural site by the provincial governments, PPIB advertises coal natural sites for seeking proposals from investors ( see appendix-2 ) . PPIB can besides transport out Internati onal Competitive Bidding ( ICB ) after acquiring a bankable feasibleness survey completed.The GOP guarantees the footings and conditions of executed understandings, i.e. IA, PPA, including payment footings, which are maintained for the continuance of the Agreements for undertakings. The coal power bring forthing companies would be allowed to import works, equipment and machinery non manufactured locally, at concessionary rates. The power companies would besides be wholly exempted from the payment of income revenue sweetening and keep backing revenue enhancement on imports.In order to advance indigenization, the local technology industry will be encouraged to organize joint ventures with foreign companies to develop turn back undertakings of coal-mine and coal-burning power workss with a cumulative capacity of at least 2000 MW by the twelvemonth 2015. The inducements for puting in coal based power workss in Pakistan are given in Appendix-2.How to continue frontward with coal-based power workss?The ordinance and processing of the practises by investors takes topographic point at the provincial every bit good as federal degrees. The measure by measure process is given in Appendix-3 ( Courtesy PPIB ) and subsequent appendices.Requests for Proposal ( RFP )It is mentioned that the Request for Proposal ( RFP ) for an autochthonal coal-burning undertaking with capacity above 50 MW will be for an incorporate coal excavation and/or power coevals works composite. The particulars required for a undertaking offered for competitory command in a typical RFP are mentioned in appendix-4.Feasibility StudyFor integrated coal-mine and power coevals workss, the feasibleness survey will cover all facets of coal excavation and power coevals, including, but non limited to, coal militias, mine ability, hazards involved in excavation, legal facets of excavation etc. , besides storage/transportation of coal to the power works, operations of the power works on coal, necessary inside i nformations about the power coevals works itself and, above all, the commercial viability of the undertaking. The feasibleness survey may or may non propose a Coal Supply Agreement ( CSA ) in such instance. For a stand-alone coal-based power coevals works, the excavation subdivision would non be covered in item. However, handiness of a sufficient and dependable coal supply for power coevals would be considered, besides other necessary facets. The feasibleness survey may necessitate a CSA even if the coal provider is sister concern of the power generator. Some farther demands are as mentioned in Appendix-6.Evaluation of CommandsThe process is given in Appendix-6. PPIB will reserve the right to reject any or all commands without delegating ground therefore, and will non presume any liabilities or claims for compensation in connexion therewith. Once the command is accepted and tariff approved by PPIB, the successful bidder will be issued an LOS by PPIB against bringing of a Performanc e Guarantee ( PG ) in favour of PPIB, in the needed sum valid up to three months beyond the Financial Closing day of the month specified in the LOS and upon payment of the cost of the feasibleness survey to PPIB. Further stairss to be taken are given in Appendix-8.Power DutyThe development of a coalmine, constitution of coal-burning power works and transit installations to provide dependable coal for the incorporate undertaking of power works and mine, require significant investing. These disbursals are to be accounted for in the power duty in the signifier of capacity and energy charges.The duty will be denominated in Pakistan RupeesBidders will be asked to cite their duty in two parts ( 1 ) Energy Purchase expense ( EPP ) and ( 2 ) Capacity Purchase Price ( CPP )The RFP may stipulate the maximal per centum of overall duty for the capacity constituentThe CPP will be paid provided the works is available for dispatched to criterions specified in the PPA. The EPP will be paid upon th e sum of kWh of energy dispatchedIn order to guarantee sustained involvement of the patron during the full life of the undertaking, the amount of the EPP and non-debt related CPP ( computed on a kWh footing at the mention works factor specified in the RFP ) will stay changeless or increase over clip. The debt-related CPP watercourse may fit the loan refund watercourseEnvironmental issues and Pakistan s coal based developmentFossil fuel power coevals is non environment friendly as its carbonic acid gas emanation contributes to air pollution and it has been connected with planetary heating. Soon, the emanation of gases like C dioxide, S dioxide, and N oxides, into the air is the lone pollution caused from coal-burning power workss.The chief ground for increasing usage of coal burning is because it is inexpensive and it plays major function in carry throughing energy demands. Since 1950, planetary concern over impact of nursery gasses has emerged into internationalistic ordinances for restricting CO2 emanation in ambiance.First international regulation pact in this respect was Kyoto protocol ( 1997 ) . It obliges 37 industrialised states to run into binding CO2 emanations marks. Footings of the dainty are such that globally there is bound to how much CO2 can be produced, and some states produce more CO2 than others. Those who use more than their bound can borrow C credits from states non utilizing their quota. Interestingly, USA recognizes the pact but it has non agreed to follow with the C emanation marks although it is a major dodo fuel consumer.Carbon recognition system under Kyoto Protocol requires single corporations to countervail their C emanation by both retrofitting the works to cut down its C emanations or put ining carbon-capture equipment to cut its emanations by a million ton, or purchase carbon beginnings from a C bargainer for a undertaking in a underdeveloped state like Pakistan. ( Exhibit 5 )The issue of emanations control has to be decently a ddressed under Kyoto protocol. In the longer term one must besides maintain in head that CO2 extenuation initiatives down the route may go mandatary for the states like Pakistan excessively. This will add to the cost of coal power coevals as has happened in the developed universe. One must maintain in head that a typical power coal works generates 3 million dozenss of CO2 or 17 dozenss of C per megawatt and draws approximately 2.3 billion gallons of H2O per annum from nearby beginning while on land, whereas Sind which has 90 % of Pakistan s coal modesty is earnestly lacking in the supply of H2O produces atomic number 80 which non merely renders H2O useless for human ingestion but besides for irrigation intent as good.Area of chance is that C beginning market is existent and major Bankss involved are involved in it. Entire C beginning market is about $ 6 billion ( Jan 2010 ) , and it is projected to transcend 50 billion dollars after the US joins C trading so Pakistan can profit fr om any C recognition potency in different industries. In 2008 Pak-Arab Fertilizers ( Pvt. ) Ltd. , earned $ 13 million through selling CER ( The Nation newspaper ) . Islamabad is establishing C recognition undertakings from beginnings runing from landfills to vehicles. Asiatic states have several CDM undertakings registeredChapter-3Proposed Strategy continue with the development of coal-based power undertakingsScheme is driven by lacks and chances inherent in a peculiar industry. To unearth these two variables the industry has to be scrutinized utilizing a scientifically established tool. In our instance we will be utilizing Porter s five forces to analyse the power coevals sector of Pakistan and place the function of Coal fired workss in this sector. Such analysis of industrial profitableness will enable us to place the countries that need to be addressed to do the industry more attractive.What is an Ideal Industry?An ideal industry would be one where The dialogue power with buyer/ suppliers is low.The competition is minimum.Substitutes do non be or even if they exist they are excessively expensive to move as replacements.Entry barriers are comparatively low.It will be interesting to see if the power sector of Pakistan has all the above mentioned factors to do it attractive for investors.Power Sector of Pakistan ( Analysis utilizing Porter s Five Forces Model )Buyer PowerBefore we embark upon discoursing the magnitude of the power held by the purchasers in the power sector it is of import to first place the purchasers in the industry. Chiefly the purchasers of the power in Pakistan are authorities organisations such as WAPDA which has sole distribution rights of electricity in the state. WAPDA, KESC etc service as the jobbers between the concluding consumer and the power manufacturers. This means that though there are merely a few purchasers and logically talking the dishonor the figure of purchasers the greater their power but kineticss of the industry in Pa kistan are such that the purchaser is vulnerable and power providers are at a much more powerful place. To authenticate this statement we need to look into the per unit monetary value addition of electricity in Pakistan over the last few old ages.Electricity Price InflationThe past four old ages data indicate that there has been a stable addition of 13 % -14 % in electricity duties on one-year footing. Two grounds seem to confirm this rising prices in duties Demand/Supply DynamicsOver the past few old ages the state has been bring forthing power at a propertyy rate without taking into consideration the one-year population growing rate of 2 % . This has led to a 4000MW deficit of electricity in 2009-10. ( Exhibit 7 )This shortage in supply has led to a demand supply instability taking to high-flown duties. Similarly we may see the same scenario from a different angle. Harmonizing to the per capita power ingestion rates Pakistan s rate is 464KWh which is 41 % lower than Asia and sign ificantly lower than the mean rates of the universe. ( Exhibit 8 ) . The low per capita power ingestion rate is due to the fact that installed power is less than the needed power.Raw Material Price InflationThe 2nd most important ground for the uninterrupted rush in electricity monetary values has been increase in oil monetary values. ( Exhibit 9 ) . The above chart indicates that most of the power workss in Pakistan are thermic based and fueled by furnace oil. Similarly if we look at the object of furnace oil monetary values in Pakistan we see that the monetary values have been systematically on the rise. This addition in monetary values is reflected in the hyperbolic duties that are being charged by the power manufacturers. ( Exhibit 10 )Deductions of Low Buyer PowerMade the industry attractive for new investors.High costs to consumers have made the authorities incentives the power sector so as to pull to more investors. ( Appendix-9 )New window of chances for workss based altern ate fuels ( such as coal ) so that the consumer gets cheaper electricity.Since a larger ball of electricity is being used by industrial and commercial units the burden casting entirely in 2009 led to $ 210 billion losingss to the national economic system. ( Exhibit 11 )Barriers to EntryBarriers to immersion be given to do the industry unattractive for new entrants. In stead of the power crisis being presently faced by Pakistan the authorities in its capacity should and it must get the better of any entry barriers to the industry. Three barriers to entry have been identified Capital Intensive SectorThe authorities is concentrating on promoting power workss that are based on alternate fuels such as coal. But the sum of capital required to put up a coal fired works is really high. ( Exhibit 11 ) Investors may be encouraged to put in capital intensive undertakings by supplying them with inexpensive entree to capital and high rate of return.Government RegulationsThe whole procedure of u sing for a coal rental country and so acquiring an pity from the relevant governments for puting up a works is highly boring and clip consuming. The patrons have to take blessing from both provincial ( in instance of renting mine country ) and federal authorities ( LOI, LOS, PPA, IA etc ) . The authorities can cut down the elaboratenesss in application procedure by giving authorization to one organisation which could be PPIB to function as a interface between the authorities and the investors.Infrastructural Issues ( Coal power workss )Coal excavation sector of Pakistan is extremely developing.Right of manner to most mines is under developed.Most countries that have been advertised by PPIB are devoid of H2O.To get the better of these issues the authorities has to work manus in manus with the prospective investors. Some remedial actions that can be taken by both the parties are uptake belowground H2O as a beginning of H2O.The authorities should supply grapevines to transport the H2 O to the sites.Increased use of belowground H2O will do the excavation of coal easier.Bucket wheel excavators alternatively of shovels and trucks could be used to retain higher net incomes and achieve better efficiencies. ( Appendix-10 )3- Intensity of RivalrySome factors that contribute to the qualification of competition have been listed in Exhibit-5. By analysing the nature of the power sector we see that about all the factors that must be at that place in an industry with intense competition are non applicable to the power sector of Pakistan. One major lending factor that reduces the competition is the intensely regulated environment of the power sector.4- Supplier Power ( Coal )As mentioned before since the authorities is be aftering on working alternate beginnings of energy to supply cheaper electricity to the consumer so an in depth analysis of coal supply in the state reveals the fact that about 185 billion dozenss of coal militias are still untapped ( Exhibit-1 ) . This i s adequate coal to supply 100,000 MW of energy for 300 old ages.Since there are barely any constituted coal houses in Pakistan that can function as exclusive providers of coal to the power workss, therefore most of the workss will hold to backward integrate in to char excavation. Soon there are certain hurdlings in back ward integrating as the ordinances refering to char excavation have yet to be established by the authorities of Pakistan. Though our suggestion would be to border ordinances that encourage back ward integrating.5- Substitutes ( w.r.t Coal )There are several utility beginnings of energy available to char, nevertheless most of them require greater capital outgo as compared to char based power undertakings ( Exhibit-6 ) .Handiness of the replacements is besides limited as compared to the handiness of coal therefore doing the replacements unattractive for investings.

The Impact of Donor Funding on Nra- Sierra Leone

INTRODUCTION The act of the National tax income Authority came into being on 13 September 2002. The National Revenue Authority has a mandate to administer and collect all taxes, revenues and all penalties as stated in the NRA act. The purpose of the National Revenue Authority is to take to heart as a central body for the collection and assessment of national revenue.The implementation procedures and policies by the National Revenue Authority will ensure that revenues ar collected efficiently by enforcing specified laws through the provision of robust administration. However, the capacity of the NRA was inadequate to efficiently perform its mandates and mobilize the revenue needed for the socio-economic development. Against this background, several(prenominal) donor organizations including Dfid opted to support the capacity building drive of the NRA.This study focuses on Dfid as one of the major donors supporting the NRA. I will attempt to dismantle the impact of Dfid interventio n in NRA, with specific focus on staff capacity and revenue mobilization. IMPACT OF bestower FUNDING ON THE OPERATION OF internal RENVENUE AUTHORITY With Dfid funding in July 2009, to strengthen the performance of NRA through ensuring compliance with international trade agreements, improving business processes and developing staff capabilities.Crown Agents was assure to support technical assistance to the National Revenue Authority (NRA) in the Modernization Plan to target a benchmark wherein the institution (NRA) transforms into modern and effective modal(a) through which to secure vital state revenues and to ensure that the newly implemented Goods and Services Tax (GST) is viable and robust wherein NRA will have in stead effective compliance way procedures. This reform program has designed to deliver efficient and equitable customs and tax administration procedures to target international practice.Through its chronic support program to NRA, the Department for International Development (Dfid) has pledge its assurance to achieve the overarching poverty alleviation and the reduction of dependency on unknown incite through the effective collection of revenue which has gradually increase domestic revenue to build the nation from 65% dependency on foreign donors in 2000 to 40% in 2010. The modernisation program carried out by crown agent sponsored by Dfid encompassing the following discip tracks ?Integrated Revenue Management Program- This area focuses on usage Modernization, Administrative Reform on Domestic Taxes, and the Implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST). It also looks at the review of laws, procedures and structures to bring them in line with International best practice and to improve NRAs revenue collection base. This modernization component will involve capacity building in improving taxpayers audited account and compliance management and assist in the establishment of a new Domestic Taxes Department that will merge GST and Direct Tax unconscious processs. Human resourcefulness and Institutional Development Program- This modernization program is aimed at developing the human and institutional resource base of NRA by equipping it with modern performance management systems and procedures. Information systems should be enhanced under this program, change management strategies and improved monitoring and rating systems throughout the organization. ? Taxpayer Information and Educational Program- This modernization program is aimed at changing the taxpaying culture in Sierra Leone through better information to the public and by assisting individual taxpayers to understand their tax obligations. Consolidation of the strategical Management Program- This modernization program focuses on the development of the NRAs Strategic Management capacity and institutional footprint with international procedures and policies. Having gone through this modernization program, Dfid promise another agency known as United Nations Con ference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in the provision of ASYCUDA to ? Abolish the bureaucracy and administrative badly work for both the business community and NRA. ? fasten the time used in processing and clearing of imported consignments under the previous manual system. Reduce revenue leakages and increases the collection of revenue ? Create transparency in the Customs administration of imports and exports departments in Sierra Leone. ? Assists the Customs Officers in providing consistent, fair and equitable manipulation of all traders in applying the legal and regulatory framework ? Create equality and fairness among traders about response service and obligations. ANALYSIS ON THE IMPACT OF DONOR FUNDING ON THE OPERATION OF NATIONAL RENVENUE AUTHORITY Having looked at the impact of donor funding on the operations of National Revenue Authority (NRA).Their thing in developmental activities in strengthening the performance of NRA through ensuring compliance with internation al trade agreements is far yet to be achieved base on the modernization plan, but having said this, progress is on the way which has created an impact on the operations of the institution. Analyzing further, as to what the donor funds have done in the operation of National Revenue Authority may be highlighted below. ? Enable senior management to focus on the strategic issues, which will inevitably arise inside individual Program and the overall Plan itself, leaving tactical decisions to middle managers. Minimize leakage and other revenue losses by reducing discretion, contain smuggling, and instituting systems and control. ? Increase revenue collection by improving on the efficiency of the current revenue administration and then expand the revenue base by tapping into new taxpayers, facilitate trade, take advantage of opportunities and deal with challenges in the revenue administration environment. ? Reduce existing arrears to 5% using persuasion where necessary or litigation ? Imp roved and enhanced tax administration by computerization of operational and administration system. Develop and implement a robust monitoring and evaluation system ? Effectively monitor and control bonded warehouses to ensure compliance with laws and regulations, and verify inventories and internal controls on a quarterly basis. National Revenue Authority benefiting from donor partners has created an impetus on its operations. Therefore, having implemented all the modernization plans will help NRA to increase their revenue collection base by strengthening the capacity of staffs.The entering of GST under the integrated management program as one of the modernization plan has help NRA to increase the Domestic Revenue which has reduced the dependency of foreign donors in our economy. The launching of ASYCUDA will reduce the bureaucratic and administrative work on both NRA and the community in reducing the time spent on processing and clearing of imported consignments under the previous manual system. ASYCUDA will reduce revenue leakages and increase revenue collection and transparency in the Customs administration of imports and exports departments in Sierra Leone.CONCLUSION Donor funding has increasingly affected the operation of National Revenue Authority in diverse ways and as a result, to that, revenue generation has increase tremendously, which has reduced the dependency on foreign donors. Modernization plan is a funded program by Dfid but contracted Crown Agent in the implementation of the plans and they further contracted UNCTAD in the provision of ASYCUDA in reducing revenue leakages and the increases revenue base. It further reduced the bureaucratic and administrative work on both NRA and the community. References Revenue and tax Policy Unit- MOFED Modernization Unit- NRA Website

Patterns in Religion Adherence Essay

Patterns in religious adherence have been steadily changing since the 1947 Australian census. The most noticeable difference is in the invariable drop in the number of tribe that identify themselves as belonging to the Anglican church- an average of 2% every 5 years. In 1947 39% of the total population claimed to be Anglican and by 2011 that number refused to 17.1%.Although Christianity is still the most popular religion in Australia the over every(prenominal) number of adherents has dropped from 88% to 63%. after(prenominal) World war 2, Australia saw an increase in m whatsoever denominations in Christianity. More traditional churches such as the uniting church and the Presbyterian and reformed churches tout ensemble experienced a downturn, losing 14.9% and 11.7%. The newer Pentecostal movement gained momentum with a 25.7% increase since 1996. Catholic, Baptist and orthodox churches also saw significant increase and gained 6.8%, 7.3% and 9.5% respectively.In Australia, 1947, 0 .5% claimed to belong to a religion other than Christianity, scarce in 2006 increased to 5.6%. Buddhism 2.1% Hinduism 0.7%, Islam 1.7% Judaism 0.4% and other religions 0.5%. Hinduism was the fastest growing religion with a rate of 120.2% Buddhism and Islam also grew quickly. The other religions category rosaceous 58.8% (includes spiritualism, wicca and Swedenborg) Judaism gained 11.3% which is smaller than the other religion but still significant and Australian aboriginal traditional religion had a decrease losing 29% between 1996 and 2001.in-migration has been the most dramatic effect leading to an increase in some groups and the decline of other. Other reasons are the movement from one denomination to another, seeking answers in new religious or spiritual movements and an increase in those who acknow directge that they have no religion. Besides Israel Australia has taken in more immigrants (relative existing population) than any other country in the world. Because of this there are now 14 orthodox denominations in Australia and more Eastern Catholic churches to cater for a wider jog of ethnic communities.The national church life survey (surveys conducted in major churches in Australia) shows some of the reasons for the increases and decreases in Christian denominations, these being attenders switching from other denominations, change magnitude their attendance or stopping attending completely, people attending for the first time or after an absence of a number of years, the birth of children very much encourages them to come back and death.Pentecostal churches have the most amount of people switching into their denomination as well as the most amount of people drifting away or switching again.New age religions were also among the fastest growing faiths in the 2001 census increasing by 140% in the 5 years since 1996. Hinduism was not noted in 1947 but in the 1996 census Hinduism had taken 0.4% of adherents from a religion other than Christianity, by 200 1 it had grown to 0.5%, 2006- 0.7% and 2011- 1.3%. The decline of the White Australia policy in the 1970s meant it became easier for migration from a greater range of ethnic groups. Immigration from Asia (India, Malaysia and Indonesia) and the Middle East (particularly Lebanon, Iraq and Iran) has extended Hinduism.Overseas wars and persecution have led to waves of immigration from affected areas for example Lebanon in the 1980s, which led to an increase in Hinduism in Australia. Many Hindus where also brought to Australia from India by the British to work on cotton and sugar plantations. Hinduism is the fastest growing religion and the fastest since 2006, increasing from 148,130 to 275,534 accounting for 1.3% of religions other than Christianity. This may not be only from immigration from countries where Hinduism is prominent but also because of Australians curiosity and need to experience different things.Hinduism focuses on polytheism meaning they worship many deities, but some H indus describe it as one god in many different forms, some people may have been beginning to search for something other than Christianity and the basics of it, so Hinduism became more popular as a way for people to experience a wider array on how to live life in accordance to religion. Hinduism accepts the existence of all religions it allowed people to express their spirituality. It may have also been the diversity of the Hindu beliefs that interested Australians, and played a part in its rapid growth.

Employee Handbook Non-Discrimination Section Essay

Discrimination of both individual on the basis of their origin, get off, religion or appearance is not only an unethical crime nevertheless the most irrational thing to do to eachone. People, no matter what their origin should be treated equ eithery whether a workplace or a community. However, organizations want to be careful regarding their policies concerning non-discrimination. It should clearly outline the real emphasis as to why they have been drafted as well as the consequence of the violation of any of the non-discriminatory rules.In response to the non-discrimination rules, the organization should be fair. Policies devised should be in the favor of the employees. This normally aids the mental efficiency of the employee in the workplace as he or she knows that they have their rights that wouldnt be violated in any way (Tomei, 2003). As more and more businesses and organizations are evolving, it is necessary to note that a indemnity that befriends every need of the employ ee can be the only way to reduce or avoid any kind of discrimination.Robyn D.Clarke in his magazine condition entitled, Workplace bias Abounds New study confirms the American workplace has much farther to go to achieve true diversity states, For an organization to embrace diversity, it moldiness be supported from senior leadership and built into the foundation of the organization. Companies need to appreciate and value the unique differences, perspectives, and experiences of every employee, says Dexter. Then, they must translate that understanding into a clear strategy for diversity infusion into the business model.They must create a culture of inclusionan environment that gives everyone the opportunity to succeed (Clarke, 2005). Therefore, a policy that embraces and ad dress upes all the discriminatory issues of an employee is the one that succeeds. If any such policy had to be devised in order to limit the organizations liability, it is important to educate all the employees of the organization. Education of the organizations policies regarding the discrimination rules and the consequences of breaking them inevitably helps in avoiding the roughest situations that would otherwise would have to be dealt by the organization.An organization that shows a strict obligingness to its rules and procedures is the one that succeeds. Another method to limit an organizations liability regarding the discrimination issues is by joining the Business Coalition for workplace fairness (Human Rights Campaign, 2007). If any such realistic policy had to be devised apart from stating the general non-discriminatory issues such as sex, color, origin, religion e. t. c. , the policy would also deal with a universal dress code that would help in creating a fair working environment.Another feature that can be added to this policy is to deal with pregnant and maternity leaves with fairness. some(prenominal) women today are subjected to discrimination due to their pregnancy where mana gers often deprive these women of the opportunities they deserve. Currently, the organizations that have discrimination policies that are trans-gender friendly are the ones that are able to avoid most of the lawsuits. Tegan Jones, in the article entitled, Lessons from Largo Non-discrimination policies in the public and private sectors state that any individuals transition or any sex should not be a workplace issue.He states that is extremely vital to add sexual orientation and GI&E to their nondiscrimination policies, create gender torpid dress-codes, have guidelines that set a time-frame and protocol for transitioning workers and ensure employees privacy (Jones, 2007). Therefore, a policy that deals with all the elements mentioned above should limit a companys liability towards lawsuits and further enhance the quality of the work environment as well.

Assessment and Rating of Learning Outcomes Essay

The assessment process is holistic, with emphasis on the formative or developmental calculate of quality assuring student learning. It is in like manner standards-based as it seeks to ensure that teachers will teach to the standards and students will aim to meet or even exceed the standards. The students acquirement of standards in scathe of content and performance is, therefore, a critical evidence of learning. The assessment shall be done at four levels and shall be weighted as followsLevel Of Assessment Percentage Weight Knowledge 15% Process or Skills25% Understanding 30% Products/Performances 30% 100% The levels are delimitate as follows 1. 1. Knowledge refers to the substantive content of the curriculum, the facts and information that the student acquires. 1. 2. Process refers to cognitive operations that the student performs on facts and information for the purpose of constructing meanings and groundss. 1. 3. Understanding refers to brook big ideas, principles and genera lizations inherent to the discipline, which may be assessed using the facets of understanding.1. 4. Products/Performances refers to real-life application of understanding as evidenced by the students performance of authentic tasks. Levels of technique At the end of the quarter, the performance of students shall be described in the report card, based on the following levels of proficiency set about- The student at this level struggles with his/her understanding prerequisite and fundamental fellowship and/or skills have not been acquired or unquestionable adequately to aid understanding. evolution- The student at this level possesses the minimum knowledge and skills and tenderness understandings, but needs help throughout the performance of authentic tasks. Approaching Proficiency- The student at this level has developed the fundamental knowledge and skills and core understandings and, with little guidance from the teacher and/or with some assistance from peers, can transfer these understandings through authentic performance tasks. Proficient- The student at this level has developed the fundamental knowledge and skills and core understandings, and can transfer them independently through authentic performance tasks.Advanced- The student at this level exceeds the core requirements in terms of knowledge, skills and understandings, and can transfer them automatically and flexibly through authentic performance tasks. The level of proficiency at which the student is performing shall be based on a numerical value which is arrived at after summing up the results of the students performance on the various levels of assessment. The numerical values are as follows Level of Proficiency Equivalent Numerical Value Beginning 74% and belowDeveloping 75-79% Approaching Proficiency 80-84% Proficient 85-89% Advanced 90% and above What shall appear in the report card is not the numerical value, but the equivalent level of proficiency, abbreviated as follows B for Beginning D f or Developing AP for Approaching Proficiency P for Proficient and A for Advanced. At the end of the four quarters, the Final Grade for each learning area shall be account as the average of the four quarterly ratings, expressed in terms of the levels of proficiency.The general average shall be the average of the final grades of the different learning areas, also expressed in terms of levels of proficiency with the numerical equivalent in parenthesis. Promotion and retention of students shall be by subject. Students whose proficiency level is Beginning (B) at the end of the quarter or grading period shall be needful to undergo remediation after class hours so that they can immediately equal up as they move to the next grading period. If by the end of the cultivate year, the students are still at the Beginning level, then they shall be required to take summer classes.As a matter of policy every learning deficiency should be bridged even for those students whose level of proficiency is above the Beginning level. Honor students shall be drawn from among those who performed at the Advanced Level. The total time daily does not include off-school learning experiences that teachers may require outside of school hours for the production of products and performances as evidence of transfer of learning. http//bcnhs. com/curricula/k-to-12-basic-education-curriculum/ http//www. gov. ph/downloads/2012/09sep/20120905-DepEd-DO-0073-BSA. pdf.